Misdiagnosis of Bipolar Disorder With Unipolar Depression - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2567 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Bipolar Disorder Essay Did you like this example? Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic depression, is a mental illness that causes shifts in mood and energy and interferes with the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. All types of bipolar disorder have an unknown cause but researchers know that there is a relationship between genetic and environmental factors. It is suspected that people are born vulnerable to the disorder and huge stressors such as death, trauma, or alcohol/drug abuse can trigger it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Misdiagnosis of Bipolar Disorder With Unipolar Depression" essay for you Create order Researchers also suggest that bipolar disorder is due to abnormalities in the way the brain functions with neurotransmitters that then results in communication problems within the brain. There are four types of bipolar disorder: Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymia, and Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). All four types include two types of episodes, manic and depressive. Manic episodes are considered to be periods of energized behavior, while depressive episodes are feelings of extreme sadness and hopelessness. To specify the type of bipolar disorder a person may have normally depends on the period of time that the individual experiences the manic and depressive episodes and the severity of them. Bipolar I disorder is the most severe of the four and is a combination of extreme manic episodes that will last at least one week and depressive episodes that last at least two weeks. The other type of bipolar disorder, cyclothymia, is a milder and chronic form. Those with cyclothymia experience brief periods of hypomania and mild depression that are ongoing for at least two years in adults and one year in children. Cyclothymia can also be prevented from developin g into a more severe form of bipolar if treatment is sought out. The last type of bipolar disorder that a patient may be diagnosed with, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, is when the symptoms do not exactly match any of the other three types. Those with bipolar disorder not otherwise specified still experience days of manic and depressive episodes, but these episodes rapidly alternate over a few days and the symptoms of the episodes are different than the other three. Bipolar II disorder is considered to be a milder form of bipolar I disorder that consists of a combination of depressive and hypomanic episodes that last one to three days. Hypomanic episodes have the same symptoms as a manic episode, but are less severe and do not last as long. This type of bipolar is also most commonly misdiagnosed as unipolar depression because it is harder to determine a state of hypomania in an individual as it doesnt typically impair day-to-day functioning, therefore focusing on the depre ssive episodes, hence the misdiagnosis. In todays society, the desire for optimum health is unparalleled to any other time period in U.S. history. Americans are continuously bombarded with groundbreaking medical technology, fitness promotions, and the overwhelming vision of improved quality/availability of healthcare. However, despite extensive investments, attitude changes, and development of new policies, these notable health contributions have fallen flat. It is striking to add that mental health, mood disorders such as bipolar disorder and depression, are among the most prevalent and costly problems in the U.S (Shippee et al., 2011). The Stigma associated with mental illness creates health inequity for the mentally ill population, in general, by preventing them from achieving optimal health and creating preventable differences in managing these diseases. More specifically, the examination of the misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD) and unipolar depression (UD) as a health disparity is defined by differences in both po pulations in terms of socioeconomic status, employment, social inclusiveness of the affected/misdiagnosed population. The differences between bipolar disorder and unipolar depression are significant and a misdiagnosis can result in suboptimal symptom resolution, induction of manic switch, mixed state, or accelerated cycling. According to Nisha er al.(2015), 40% of patients are misdiagnosed with unipolar depression. His study concluded that accurate bipolar disorder diagnosis is hindered by three major factors- assumptions of similar phenomenology, failure for therapist to note previous hypomanic symptoms, and failure for patient to report them ( Nisha et al., 2015). When considering the socioeconomic status and employment status, both bipolar disorder and unipolar depression groups, 56.7% and 53.3%, belonged to lower middle class status, while 16.7% bipolar disorder groups were also unemployed ( Nisha et al., 2015). The overrepresentation of the lower middle class indicated that both mood disorders are unevenly distributed in the general population. It coincides with what is typically true; low soc ioeconomic status is a predictor for low anticipation for good general health. Higher unemployment rates and the build of chronic stress has also been associated with worse health outcomes, and in this case, leads to the loss of productivity, a sense of inclusiveness, and significantly worse symptom resolution for both bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. Nathan D. Shippee, assessed the financial limitations and subsequent inequity between being misdiagnosed with either bipolar or unipolar depression. Results showed that generally high unemployment rates of both populations are due to disabelment in social, cognitive, and work limitations (2011). Although unemployment rates are noted for both bipolar disorder and unipolar depression, it is significantly higher for those with bipolar, which has created a larger gap between availability of social and financial resources ( Shippee et al., 2011). The isolation due to the stigma of mental health disorders infringes on the idea tha t these individuals are treated equally and are in fact more vulnerable in the workforce than both non-mood disorder and unipolar depression groups. Termination of their employment increases limitation to resources, especially, social capital and emotional support systems which are crucial in proper psychological health. Professor Barr states, in addition to demonstrable effects on physical health, those with more regular social engagement also tend to display better mental health (2014). The misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder and unipolar depression create stark inequities in several unique aspects of each of the affected populations, such as low socioeconomic status, high unemployment, and harsh limitation of social capital. It is imperative that health professionals embrace this public health issue and attempt to close the gap of inequity between misdiagnosis of both mood disorders and address mental health as a whole, and allow these preventable burdens to be solved. When looking at health disparities in misdiagnosed bipolar patients, it was found that some of those disparities are due to race and gender/marital status. First, looking at race in misdiagnosed bipolar disorder patients it can be seen that between African Americans individuals and white individuals, there was a higher rate of African Americans being initially diagnosed with something other than bipolar disorder. This misdiagnosis delays the individual from getting the proper treatment which can directly address illness morbidity (Akinhanmi, Margaret 2018). The Depression Bipolar Support Alliance conducted a survey in 1994 and again 10 years later that showed a delay in getting accurately diagnosed with bipolar disorder. This finding is important because most of the time patients get misdiagnosed with unipolar major depressive disorder instead of bipolar disorder. Research shows that being treated for unipolar depression by taking antidepressants would increase the likelihood of trea tment nonresponse or antidepressant induced mania/mood destabilization (Akinhanmi, Margaret 2018). In a study reported in 2002, the study showed that 24 African-Americans with bipolar I disorder received antipsychotics at a greater percentage of follow-up visits (44%/70 visits) that 34 white individuals (40%/34 visits) (Akinhanmi, Margaret 2018). In a similar study with 34 bipolar patients taking lithium carbonate demonstrated African-Americans had a higher mean lithium red blood cell to plasma ratio than white patients even though the dosage was the same for the two races.During another similar study researchers did take into account that symptoms reports during the clinical assessments from some African-Americans may be misattributed to psychopathology instead of sociocultural background. When taking sociocultural into consideration researchers found that they may have been able to more accurately diagnose the patient. Based on this study culturally competent treatment in populations of different sociocultural background may help address racial bias and decrease the misdiagnosis rate. A different disparity to consider when looking at bipolar disorder is gender and marital status. Bipolar disorder was found to be more common among individuals who were never-married. Among the married bipolar individuals marital functions were said to be impaired. In a 2-year study conducted with 282 bipolar individuals, the study showed that bipolar women were more likely to be married. The study also showed that married women had fewer episode of depression than non-married women. When looking at men the data showed that never-married men were more likely to have an earlier age of onset bipolar I disorder in comparison to married men (Lieberman, Daniel 2010). Based on the study conducted by Lieberman, it showed that more men were diagnosed with bipolar I in comparison to women and more women were diagnosed with bipolar II in comparison to men. Another interesting factor was that women in this study who were married had usually completed fewer years. All other demographics in this study seemed to have been the same for both men and women. A study in Denmark found that after an individuals first mood episode, never-married bipolar individuals were at risk of recurrence about 3 times greater than individuals who were married, divorced, or widowed (Lieberman, Daniel 2010). As stated previously, there is obviously a health disparity for bipolar disorder sufferers being misdiagnosed with unipolar depression. Fortunately, there is hope on the horizon for better diagnostic procedures. There have been changes made to the DSM-5 to help better identify and differentiate bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. These changes include separating bipolar disorder and related conditions into their own chapters and the criteria necessary to diagnose bipolar disorder (changes in mood and changes in activity or energy are now included). The criteria needed to diagnose a mixed mood episode has also been changed. According to Kupfer and Philips, Previously, the diagnosis of a mixed mood episode required a patient to simultaneously meet the full criteria for both mania and major depression-however there is a new specifier that allows clinicians to report up to three manic symptoms during a depressive episode. These changes to the DSM-5 indicate good test-retest reliabi lity of adult bipolar disorder type I, suggesting that DSM-5 could be a positive step towards improved accuracy of bipolar disorder (Kupfer, Phillips 2013). A new way of diagnosing bipolar disorder takes a biological approach. Scientists are using neuroimaging to look for differentiation with biomarkers between bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. These images look for any abnormality in the brain regarding white matter connectivity, grey matter, and functional abnormalities in neural circuitry (Kupfer, Phillips 2013). Research has also taken an integrative approach to tackling this issue. According to Kupfer and Phillips, this integrative approach has the greatest potential to identify biological targets for personalised treatment and new treatment developments for all such illnesses. This integrative approach looks at genetic, molecular, cellular, neural circuitry, and behavioral measures. By combining all of these different factors, Integration across these scales could thus yield different biosignatures that represent dimensions of underlying pathophysiological process in bipolar disorder and other affective disorders (Kupfer, P hillips 2013). In 2018 a new study actually identified a difference in neural activity between patients with bipolar disorder and those suffering from depression. The scientists who conducted this study looked at amygdala activation while patients were processing facial expressions. According to the study, patients who had bipolar disorder had lower activation in the left amygdala in comparison to patients who had depression (Korgaonkar, et al., 2018). Based on this information there is definitely progress being made to help accurately diagnose those suffering from bipolar disorder. In conclusion, bipolar disorder is a major public health issue that involves extreme mood swings from mania to deep depression. Bipolar disorder II is more commonly misdiagnosed as unipolar depression because it is hard to distinguish a state of hypomania in these individuals. When considering the disparities, it can be seen that race, socioeconomic status, and gender/marital status do play a role in diagnosing an individual with bipolar disorder. Looking at these individuals it was noticeable that individuals who are minorities are for the most part misdiagnosed when compared to non-minorities. Also, looking at socioeconomic status one notices that individuals of a lower socioeconomic status were more likely to be misdiagnosed than those higher on the socioeconomic scale. However, individuals with from a higher socioeconomic status tend to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder more often than those of lower socioeconomic status. Finally, looking at marital status/gender studies conducted showed that bipolar disorder was more prominent in individuals who were never-married compared to married individuals. However, the study also showed that bipolar women were more likely to be married. Bipolar disorder has no cure but with proper diagnosis the individual can start taking steps to develop insight as to when they might be having an episode and receiving the correct treatment. This is why it is important for mental illnesses to be taken seriously and for more research to be conducted so that the gap in misdiagnoses can be lessened, especially when misdiagnosing could hinder the individuals treatment response. Luckily, there are many improvements and changes happening so that individuals can be diagnosed properly. References Akinhanmi, Margaret O, et al. Racial Disparities in Bipolar Disorder Treatment and Research: a Call to Action. Bipolar Disorders, vol. 20, no. 6, Sept. 2018, pp. 506â€Å"14, doi:10.1111/bdi.12638. Barr, D. A. (2014). Health disparities in the United States: Social class, race, ethnicity, and health. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Bipolar Disorder. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml Hook, D. B. (2018, April 30). The Different Types of Bipolar Disorder, Including Cyclothymia | Everyday Health (K. Keegan MD, Ed.). Retrieved from https://www.everydayhealth.com/cyclothymia/ Kaye, N. S., MD. (2005). Is Your Depressed Patient Bipolar? The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine,18(4), 271-281. doi:10.3122/jabfm.18.4.271 Korgaonkar, M. S., Erlinger, M., Breukelaar, I. A., Boyce, P., Hazell, P., Antees, C., . . . Malhi, G. S. (2018). Amygdala Activation and Connectivity to Emotional Processing Distinguishes Asymptomatic Patients With Bipolar Disorders and Unipolar Depression. Society of Biological Psychiatry, 10. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.08.012 Kupfer, D. J., Phillips, M. L. (2013). Bipolar disorder diagnosis: Challenges and future directions. The Lancet, 381(9878), 2nd ser., 1663-1671. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60989-7 Leahy, R. L. (2007). Bipolar disorder: Causes, contexts, and treatments. Journal of Clinical Psychology,63(5), 417-424. doi:10.1002/jclp.20360 Lieberman, D., Massey, S., Goodwin, F. (2010). The role of gender in single vs married individuals with bipolar disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(4), 380â€Å"385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.10.004 M. (2017, February). Bipolar Disorder: What causes bipolar disorder? Retrieved from https://www.heretohelp.bc.ca/factsheet/bipolar-disorder-what-causes-bipolar-disorder Nisha, A., Sathesh, V., Punnoose, V. P., Varghese, P. J. (2015). A comparative study on psycho-socio-demographic and clinical profile of patients with bipolar versus unipolar depression. Indian journal of psychiatry, 57(4), 392-6 Omrin, D., Kirilenko, D., Timmins, V., Goldstein, B. (2016). 5.12 CORRELATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AMONG ADOLESCENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(10), S187â€Å"S187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.09.271 Shippee, N. D., Shah, N. D., Williams, M. D., Moriarty, J. P., Frye, M. A., Ziegenfuss, J. Y. (2011). Differences in demographic composition and in work, social, and functional limitations among the populations with unipolar depression and bipolar disorder: results from a nationally representative sample. Health and quality of life outcomes, 9, 90. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-9-90. Singh, T., Rajput, M. (2006). Misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder. Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa. : Township)), 3(10), 57-63. Smith, K., PhD. (2018, February 13). Causes of Bipolar Disorder: Understanding the Risk Factors. Retrieved from https://www.psycom.net/bipolar-disorder-causes Towbin, K., Axelson, D., Leibenluft, E., Birmaher, B. (2013). Differentiating bipolar disorder-not otherwise specified and severe mood dysregulation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(5), 466-81.

Causes of the Revolutionary War A British Perspective

History is written by the victors. Since America won the Revolutionary War, United States history explains and interprets the war and its causes from an ethnocentric view. Had the war been won by the British, the views would be quite different. Both countries often threaten the other; at other times they were conciliatory. The causes for the Revolutionary War are well documented from an American perspective. But what about the British perspective? This paper will assess and analyze the causes of the Revolutionary War from the British viewpoint. Encouraged by successful wars in the Americans, Africa, and India, English leaders imagined a new sort of empire. Instead of the freely governed commercial organization of the past, they†¦show more content†¦The act gave fiscal assistance to the East India Company. When the tea-loaded ship Dartmouth docked in Boston, citizens dressed as Indians threw the tea into the harbor; an act known as the Boston Tea Party. This destruction o f Tea ... must have been so important Consequences, John Adams wrote in his diary, that I cannot but consider it as an Epoch in History. King George III was outraged, Concessions have made matters worse! The time has come for compulsion As a result, in 1774, Parliament passed four Coercive Acts. They closed Boston Harbor to shipping; forbade town meetings; mandated a new Quartering Act; and ensured high-crime trails were to be transported to Britain. Lord North forced a marine barricade on colonial trade with overseas countries and prepared the military to restrain colonial dissent. Now the case seems desperate, said the prime minister, ... Parliament would not -- could not -- concede. For aught he could see it must come to violence. On the night of April 19, 1775, six hundred British troops were sent off to detain American militiamen and provisions in Boston. American militiamen meet the British head-on. These initial conflicts took the lives of several men, but as the English withdraw the American militia continually ambushed them. In the end, 74 Englishman died, 173 were wounded, and 27 could not be accounted for. The English killed 49 minutemen andShow MoreRelatedWashington Crossing The Delaware : A Symbol Of Freedom And Perseverance1118 Words   |  5 PagesWashington Crossing the Delaware: A Symbol of Freedom and Perseverance Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze is best known for his painting, Washington Crossing the Delaware (1850). This famous German-American artist captures a brave moment during the American Revolutionary War in his masterpiece. In addition to being one of the most famous American paintings, it is also a symbol for this country’s fight for freedom and patriotism (Groseclose 70). 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Cloud Computing

Question: Write an essay on Cloud Computing. Answer: Requirement for remote administration The remote administration system helps in the providing the proper tools and the mechanism concept that are required for the proper creation of the system (Hutchinson Springer, 2010). Thus it also helps in the proper configuration of the system that is used for the configuration of the cloud computing system and thus enables to administer the cloud-based IT resources. A remote administration system provides a platform for the proper establishment of the management features that are required for the proper management of the features that includes the features of the underlying systems. Thus the features that are included in the system are the SLA management, Resource management and the Billing management system. Thus the tools also help in the proper generation of the systems that are helps in centralising the control of the administration to the cloud resource external administrators (Karris, 2009). Thus these tools help in the variety of the administration control that are the self -service portal and the usage and the administration control. Furthermore the cloud consumers are able to be carryout the further control of the standardised APIs that helps them in the creation of interest with the usage of the remote administration system. Requirements for resource management The resource management mechanism helps in the proper coordination of the IT resources that are required for the proper creation of the responses to the performance by the cloud computing providers (Mahmood, 2016). Thus it also helps in the proper development of the system infrastructure which includes the managerial virtual infrastructure. Thus the virtual managerial infrastructure is created for the most expedient underlying managing range of the physical servers and thus it helps in the creation of the multiple physical servers. For instance the creation of these servers is made with the help of the VIM and thus the usage is also created with the help of allocation of the virtual servers (Mahmood Hill, 2011). Thus it also helps in the proper provision of the security policies that are created with the involvement of the IT resources. Requirements for SLA management The required of the SLA management are essential for the proper development of the topics that helps in the proper solution of the issues that are related to the development of the services and thus it also helps in the proper acquiring of the services (Mahmood Saeed, 2013). Thus it helps in the provision of the agreements that are required for the proper co-ordination of the services and thus it also helps in the proper development of conformation of the service level issues that are related to the development of the contract and thus some of the requirements are considered. Thus it also helps in the provision of the specific parameters that helps in the proper identification of the minimum levels required for the specification of the providers system (Marks Lozano, 2010). Thus these helps in the proper management of the systems and thus the requirements are also necessary for the increment of the security levels are also required for the proper auditing of the services and thus i t also helps in the creation of the audit compliances. Morad and Dalbhajans operational checklist for DSIs OSDS Morad and Dalbhajans operational checklist consists of three types of the checklist that helps in supporting the various assessment needs which are the enterprise operation checklist, the basic operation checklist and the auditing security checklist. These three checklists plays a major role in the development of the architects for the proper execution of the architectural guidance for the customers as well as the organisations using the clod computing systems. Thus these three checklists helps in the proper execution of the systems that are required for the proper maintenance of the organisations security which helps in the proper consideration of the systems and thus the information regarding the security can be carried out for the proper maintenance of the system (Pearson Yee, 2013). Thus it also helps in the proper execution of the system maintenance and the following of the sequence helps the organisation to create a development for the system. Application Resilience in relation to OSDS The application resilience helps in the classification of the effects that are created on the users. Thus the clustering of the infrastructure is controlled by the application of the resiliency that are created for the proper involvement of the mechanism in the provision of the services and thus it also helps in the development of the programming, control and the other process that are used for the creation of the backups for the application of the system (Rittinghouse Ransome, 2010). Thus the entire application helps in the development of the services and thus it also helps in including the environment application and also helps in the inclusion of the data and thus the development of the clustering of the structures are also required for the proper involvement of the services. Thus it also helps in the proper formation of the single entity that is required for the proper classification of the resiliency and thus the categories are as follows:- No application of the recovery Restarting and the creation of the semi-automatic recovery Manually positioning the applications for the purpose of the automatic restart Automatic recovery of the application restart and thus the development of the last transaction of the boundary Full application of the resilience and thus helps in the process of restarting Creation of the transparent failover (Rountree Castrillo, 2014). Occurrence of the client server relationship application. Backup in relation to OSDS Backup are required for the proper creation of the solutions for the assumptions of the data files that are required for the proper functioning of the systems and thus the future functioning of the systems are also required for the proper enhancement of the proper creation of the restores. Thus the recent cloud computing helps in providing the proper advancement of the systems that are required for the creation of the open source and the reliable and the easy to manage the next generation restoration of the manages and thus the distribution of the objects takes place for the proper structuring of the platforms that helps in providing the proper applications for the file storage and the backup for the application of the software (Somasundaram Shrivastava, 2009). Disaster recovery in relation to OSDS Disaster recovery in relation to OSDS includes the development of the SX server and the FibreCAT storage system that helps in presenting the mirror functioning of the system. Thus it is initiated during server crashing of the SX server and thus the model creates the representation of the coexistence of the servers that are used for the proper enhancement of the physical and the logical positioning of the Solaris of the systems. Thus the partitions are also created for the proper development of the services that are related to the development of the compact overview of the structure (Ward et al., 2013). Thus the development of the disaster recovery is also required for the proper enhancement of the structures and thus the structure of the disaster recovery is shown below:- DRLS SLA guidelines for accessing the SLA The service level assessment are created for the proper enhancement of the cloud computing standards that are used for the continuation of the services and thus it also helps in setting the global digital economy for the proper creation of the continuation of the evolution. Thus the computing is increased for the development of the number of the efforts for the innovation of the facility for the business and thus the developments are also required for the proper creation of the cloud SLAs (Mason Ramsey, 2012). Thus it also helps in governing the other limited documents that are created for the proper enhancement of the services and thus this also helps in the provision of the technological neutralisation and the neutralisation of the business models and the creation of the world-wide applicability. These are the guidelines that are used for proper accessing the SLA. References Hutchinson, J. Springer, G. (2010).A new approach to data backup. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri--Columbia. Karris, S. (2009).Networks. Fremont, Calif.: Orchard Publications. Mahmood, Z. (2016).Cloud computing technologies for connected government. Hershey PA: Information Science Reference. Mahmood, Z. Hill, R. (2011).Cloud computing for enterprise architectures. London: Springer. Mahmood, Z. Saeed, S. (2013).Software engineering frameworks for the cloud computing paradigm. London: Springer. Marks, E. Lozano, B. (2010).Executive's guide to cloud computing. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Mason, B. Ramsey, G. (2012).Microsoft System Center 2012 configuration manager. Birmingham, UK: Packt Pub. Pearson, S. Yee, G. (2013).Privacy and security for cloud computing. London: Springer. Rittinghouse, J. Ransome, J. (2010).Cloud computing. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Rountree, D. Castrillo, I. (2014).The basics of cloud computing. Waltham, Mass.: Syngress. Somasundaram, G. Shrivastava, A. (2009).Information storage and management. Indianapolis, Ind.: Wiley Pub. Ward, P., Abreu, P., Andrushkiw, P., Esposito, P., Gellman, J., Plaut, J. (2013).Microsoft SharePoint 2013 disaster recovery guide. Birmingham, UK: Packt Publishing.

Report on Chorus Limited

Question: Explain Financial analysis of chorus limited. Answer: Part A 1Executive summary: Chorus limited has been a provider of the telecommunication services which has been listed in NZX 50 index i.e. on newzealand stock exchange Also it has hire majority telephone lines as well the exchange equipments. During the year 2008, Chorus limited has come as a separate business unit. In the year 2011, it has been demerged from the telecom new Zealand on a terms and condition which requires winning the majority contract in respect of the government ultra- fast initiative towards the broad band. And as a result of the same and as per the condition or can also say in accordance with the law, it is required that they cannot sell directly to the consumers, it requires to provide whole sale service to the retailers. It has been clearly provided at the time when chorus won most of the contract in respect the UFB fibre that tee Chorus limited requires to be demerged as a separate company which has been unanimously recommended then by the directors and the same was approved by approx 99% of the shareholders. As a result, in 1stDecember, 2011 the same was formally separated and got listed on NZX. After that Chorus limited grab opportunity in regard to the copper lines, DSLAMs and also fibre backhaul . Ames as already discussed, requires having relationship with the retail customer. It was rebranded as a Spark on 8th August, 2014 (Corporateinformation ,2016). As per the collected detail has been fund that they are responsible for building in approx 70% in respect of the new fabric ( i.e. ultra fast broadband network) for which they have received subsidy of an amount of approx $929 million so as to build the new fabric network (Corporateinformation ,2016). As we all are aware that the world is competitive and in this scenario, it is essential to check us the financial analysis of an entity so as to understand the financial position of the same in order to make better decision in while making investment. Also in order to analyse the financial position of the company it is necessary to analyse the annual report as well as the financial statement of the company. This report would help to provide necessary information in regard to the overall organization, about the current position as well as also in respect of the performance of the organization. Here, this report provide that financial analysis of the Chorus Limited while making comparison of two year balance sheet content and also income statement and also other data which would provide relevant information about the same. Review of the balance sheet: 30th June 2015 30th June 2014 Assets $M $M % Change Current assets Cash and call deposit 80 176 -55% Trade and other receivable 165 196 -16% Derivatives financial Instrument 3 1 200% Financial Lease receivable 3 3 0% Total current assets 251 376 -33.24 Non- current assets Derivatives financial Instrument 14 3 367% Trade and other receivables 11 - 11% Software other Intangibles 159 174 -9% Network assets 3406 3,128 9% Total non- current assets 3,590 3,305 8.62 Total Assets 3,841 3,681 4.35 Liabilities Current liabilities Trade and other payables 315 323 -2% Income Tax payable 12 32 -63% Derivative financial Instruments 12 14 -14% Total current liabilities excluding Crown funding 339 369 -8% Current portion of Crown funding 13 11 18% Total current liability 352 380 -7.37 Non-current liabilities Derivative financial Instruments 61 123 -50% Financial Lease payable 130 126 3% Debt 1663 1639 1% Deferred Tax Payable 199 192 4% Total non-current liabilities excluding CFH securities and Crown funding 2,053 2,080 -1% CFH securities 107 73 47% Crown funding 510 417 22% Total non current liabilities 2,670 2,570 3.89 Total liabilities 3,022 2,950 2.44 Equity Share Capital 465 465 0% Reserves -3 0 -300% Retained earning 357 266 34% Total equity 819 731 12.04 (Annual report, 2015) As we all know that the assets in the balance sheet have been divided into three main categories as capital, current and others. Current assets have been further divided as current as well as noncurrent assets. Current assets involve both cash and assets which are expected to be released within 12 months. It has been consider as a normal business life where cash balance in a company rises as well as fall on the basis of the outflow an inflow of the operational and financing activities And noncurrent assets refers to the assets which are not likely to turn into unexpected within a year from the balance sheet date. On the similar sense, current liabilities refer to the obligation which a company are required to release within one year. The same has been considered as short term debt The current assets of the company are $M00 The non-current assets of the company are $M 3590.00 The current liabilities of the company are $M 352.00 The non-current liabilities of the company are $M 2670.00 The total stockholders equity of the company are $M 819.00 Taking into consideration above table, we can clearly analyse that (Annual report, 2015) There is decrease in the current assets by 33 % , which is mainly due to decrease in the call and cash deposit by 55 %and trade receivable by 16%. These represents that Chorus have been able to take out amount from the customer. On the other hand, increase in derivative financial instruments represents hedging of the cash flow. In the nutshell, decrease in the current assets specifies that the company have been able to take out the cash from customers in a realisable manner (Accounting tools, 2015). non- current assets have been increased by 9%. It is mainly due to increase in the Derivative financial instrument which has been showing increase of 367%. Non- current assets also shows positive performance of the company There is decrease in the current liability by 7% it refers to the liability which are expected to be relies in one year for which settlement generally came from the utilization of the current assets like cash in hand, sale of inventory. Decrease in the same specifies that company s able to meets its current liability and showing positive romance. Noncurrent liability increase by 4% refer that there is increase in the liability which are expected to relapse in more than one year t may be due to lease, bonds payable, product warranties etc. Increase in the equity by 12 % specifies that there may addition in the capital or issue of shares. In the stated case there is no issue of shares but the increase is due to increase in the retained earnings by 34%. In the nutshell, it can be stated that the performance of the company is good Review of the stockholders equity: The following is The list of the required account balances: (Amounts in $M in thousands) Particulars 2015 2014 % increase or -decrease Issued capital 465.00 465.00 Nil Reserves -3.00 .00 -300 Retained earnings 357.00 266.00 34.21 Number of shares: Ordinary shares 396.00 389.00 1.80 Preference shares No change in the share capital shows that there is no issue of shares or any buyback of share during the mentioned period. Also it we check us reserves, there is decrease of 300% which show negative impact about the financial position of the company .however increase in the retained earnings on other hand shoe good performance of the company it mainly show the part of profitability which is also considered by the investors at the time of making investment decision (Accounting tools, 2015). In the nutshell, it can be stated that reserved on one hand shows negative impact of the company on the other hand increase in reserve is positive performance, but the overallscenarion provides that the compass is in financial crisis. Ratio Analysis Particulars 2015 2014 Indicates Current ratio: 0.71 0.99 Decrease- Bad Current assets 251.00 376.00 Current liabilities 352.00 380.00 On the basis of above table, decrease in current ratio is not specifying good performance of the company, as we all know that lower current ratio may provide problem with the inventory, ineffective standard in respect of collecting receivables. The decrease is mainly due to higher decrease in current assets in comparison to the last year. And the cause of this decrease is decrease in cash call deposit. References: My Accounting Course, 'Financial Ratio Analysis | Example | My Accounting Course'. Nap. 2015. Web. 22 May 2016. Readyratios.com, 'Financial Analysis and Accounting Book of Reference: Statement of Financial Position | IFRS Statements | IFRS Reports | Readyratios.Com'. Nap. 2015. Web. 22 May 2016. Readyratios.com, 'Financial Analysis and Accounting Book of Reference: Statement of Financial Position | IFRS Statements | IFRS Reports | Readyratios.Com'. Nap. 2015. Web. 22 May 2016.

Violence In America Essays - Discrimination, Emotions, Abuse

Violence In America In the ideal America, our celebrated, ethnically diverse populous would overlook and not even recognize such socially developed stigmas such as race, sex, color, and religion. The ideal American would not even look at another and classify that person as black, white, Asian, Indian, Mexican, Irish, Jewish, Catholic, Jewish or; well, my point is made. But America is far from ideal. The ignorance that reigns in this country is unfortunately passed on from generation to generation with little regard for what effect it may render on its audience. Sadly, fear is created from ignorance. Sadder still is that hate spawns from fear, and as represented by the staggering domestic abuse rate, violence is handed down from previous generations as well. The probability and means to cultivate hate crimes is now present and the formula is potent enough to guarantee that they will happen. Hate crimes are happening in America at a disturbing frequency. That being a given, it is time we as a society look to the roots of hate crimes in America. I believe these roots lie in our society`s notion and practice of family structure. More so in the way we pass down our ignorance, fear, unacceptance, and intolerance to future generations. A hate crime in itself is defined as a criminal act with intent to defame and slander another person. At further introspection though, I think that we will find that there is more underlying issues than just committing a crime with malice towards someone different than ourselves. The human mind at the time of birth has no prejudice. A baby does not look at another human being and feel afraid or angry with that other individual. The human infant has no predators in these times, therefore there should be no fear instilled naturally. I would like to think that these minds could be viewed as clean slates. So where does the fear and hatred needed to commit a hate crime, and dirty that slate, come from? All social science research has come to a solid conclusion that parents, or the primary caretakers, of a child are the single most influential stimulus on that child`s development. The answer is that we as a society, both internationally and in America, have found ways to continually and regeneratively brainwash and condition our children. We teach them to classify humans with titles that have no real biological worth such as Asian, American, Latin, African, and European among others. One fairly publicized hateful incident involved some Texaco executives who were caught slandering black and Jewish employees and making derogatory references and actions towards them. One remark an executive made was I`m still struggling with Chanukah, and now we have Kwanzaa... Poor Saint Nicholas, they have sh-tted all over his beard. What caused this person to have these points of views? How long has this idea been in his head? Where does this idea develop if it is not genetically created? The answers lie with the majority of all non-biological dysfunction present today; the individuals upbringing. These same questions and same answers can be applied to almost any incidence of hate and violence today. Especially prevalent is the incidence of the dragging murder in Jasper, Texas in which a black man was beaten, and dragged, and decapitated. This was perpetrated by two white supremacists, making it a violent hate crime. How does a person`s inner frustrations become so great that they can control behavior to the point of making that person take another life? It is directly related to the perpetrator`s upbringing and the views and ideals that were passed on to him since day 1 in his life. In many of these scenarios, justice has been dealt to the assailants or perpetrators by our federal law system. But it seems that in just as many instances justice was not dealt to all, or it was too little too late. In any case though, the legal system has taken a reactive approach. Justice in itself is reactive in nature, and consequently that may be why hate crimes and crime in general continue to happen with great frequency. America has taken a reactive approach to hate crimes. As a country and as a world we need to take a proactive approach to prevent hate crimes. Prevention is the key to stopping further hate crimes in America and around the world, and it can be done. People just need to stop the influential modeling and passive teaching to their children and future generations that certain people are inferior, unwanted, or

Main causes for WWI essays

Main causes for WWI essays World War I began on July 28, 1914, with the declaration of war by Austria-Hungary on Serbia, and hostilities between the Allied and Central Powers continued until the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918, a period of 4 years, 3 months, and 14 days. There were four main causes for the World War. They were Nationalism, Imperialism, Military Expansion, and Crises Foreshadowing the War. Nationalism created great political tensions between single nation states such as France and Germany, and threatened the stability of multi-nation states such as Austria-Hungary. These were reflected in nationalistic propaganda, an arms race between the majors, and trade barriers and tariffs, which worsened tensions further. Imperialism lead to many colonial interest problems. France, Britain, and Germany were having problems over who should get colonies in Africa. Many peace treaties were signed so that war wouldnt be an option. Of course that didnt work. These problems almost foretold the war. As a result of the above, between 1871 and 1914 the nations of Europe adopted domestic and foreign policies that steadily increased the danger of war. Most of the European nations thought that they might have been in danger so they maintained a large army and navy. To make the matters worse Europeans nations made alliances with other countries just in case war broke out. The alliances were as follows; Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Triple Entente- Britain, France, and Russia. The last is Crises Foreshadowing the War. Between 1905 and 1914 many international crises and two local wars occurred. The first one was over Morocco, where Germany intervened in 1905 to support Moroccan independence from France. The second one was happened in the Balkans in 1908 over the annexation by Austria- Hungary of Bosnia and Herzegovina. All of these things could have been prevented. I thin ...

Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assignment - Research Paper Example These people strive to gain more power upon the work setup and are best motivated by roles that require them to execute their leadership skills. The third need identified by McClelland is the need for affiliation. People who have this as the most important need are called as the n-aff people. These people seek to make friends in the workplace. The more they socialize, the more they are motivated for work. Putting these people in roles in which they feel isolated makes them lose motivation for work. Although the behavior of workers is a mix of all these needs, yet one of the three governs an individual’s behavior. This theory raises numerous new challenges for the managers. First of all, managers don’t have an objective means to confirm whether the three needs identified by the McClelland’s theory are sufficient to represent all needs. Some people value job security and salary more than power, affiliation or achievement. Even if managers assume that the McClelland ’s theory is sufficient to represent all needs, they don’t have a robust means to identify the way they are combined in different workers. In order to keep them motivated, managers need to be sure that a certain worker values certain need more than others. Then, there is no means to be sure that an individual’s need-combination would not alter with time. After all, people’s preferences in life keep changing from time to time. An individual who values power more than anything else at a certain point in time may start to value achievement more later on. Our likes and preferences are shaped by our daily life experiences. Hence, there is a lot of flexibility in out choice of needs. All these factors render it very difficult for a manager to address the individualistic needs of people and make them remain motivated for work. In this research, I tend to bring answers to the aforementioned doubts by exploring people’s needs in a certain work